by CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The transportation system is important in everyone’s life. Traffic congestion is a major issue in our daily life. There are several reasons for the sudden surge in the traffic, in many regions. The main reason can be defined as, to increase in the population which in turn has caused a rise in the number of vehicles on the road. Also, there are several other issues for traffic congestion like insufficient infrastructure, ineffective management of capacity (i.e. poor traffic timing), work zone, special events, emergencies, unconstraint demands etc. In the past few years, development in wireless communication technologies and the development of vehicular network standards tiled the way for the implementation of ITS. ITS is defined as the application of advanced sensors, computer, electronics and telecommunication technologies and management strategies in an integrated way to improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system [Cai et al , 2013].
The increase in urbanization and traffic congestion create an urgent need to operate our transportation systems with maximum efflcienct Real-time traffic signal control is an integral part of modem Urban Traffic Control Systems aimed at achieving optimal
Utilization of the road network. Providing effective real time traffic signal control for a large complex traffic network is an extremely challenging distributed control problem. Signal system operation is further complicated by the recent trend that views traffic signal system as a small component of an integrated multimodal transportation System. Optimization of traffic signals and other control devices for the efficient movement of traffic on streets and highways constitutes a challenging part of the advanced traffic management system of intelligent transportation system.
Simply defined, Intelligent Transport Systems and Services is the integration of information and communications technology with transport infrastructure vehicles and users. For a large-scale traffic management system, it may be difficult or impossible to tell whether the traffic network is flowing smoothly and assess its cu ent state. Over the past few years, multi-agent systems have become a crucial technology for effectively exploiting the increasing availability of diverse, heterogeneous and distributed information sources. Researchers over the Years have adopted numerous techniques and used various tools to implement multi-agent systems for their problem domains. As researchers gain a better understanding of these autonomous multi-agent systems, more features are incorporated into them to enhance their performance and the enhanced systems can then be used for more complex application domains.
Intelligent software agent is an autonomous computer program, which interacts with and assists an end user in certain computer related tasks. In any agent, there is always a certain level of intelligence. The level of the Intelligence could van’ from pre determined roles and responsibilities to a learning entity Multi-Agent System is the aggregate of agents, whose object is to decompose the large system to several small systems which communicate and coordinate with each other and can he extended easil3 Agent-based simulations are models where multiple entities sense and stochastically respond to conditions in their local environments, mimicking complex large scale system behavior. The urban traffic system is a much complex system: which involved many entities and the relationship among them are Complicated.
Therefore, the most important issues for a learner agent is the assessment of the behavior and the intelligence level of the other agents. By sharing vital information, Intelligent Traffic System allows people to get more from transport networks, with greater safety and with less impact on the environment. Intelligent Traffic System helps the whole transport system to work most effectively and efficiently- Intelligent Traffic System integrates users, transport systems, and vehicles through state-of-the-art information and communications technologies. Intelligent Traffic System can dramatically improve travelers’ safety, efficiency and comfort Intelligent Traffic System helps shippers and carriers move freight to its destination reliably and efficiently. Intelligent Traffic System helps the people who run transpont systems provide better sense to their customers. Intelligent Traffic System helps get the best value from the road and rail systems we already have. Intelligent Traffic System helps traffic flow more smooth1; reducing delays, fuel consumption, and air and noise pollution. Intelligent Traffic System helps make public transport more convenient and affordable. Intelligent Traffic System often works behind the scenes. When emergency vehicles get to a crash site more rapidly than before. Intelligent Traffic System is detecting the crash notifying emergency senices. and getting the nearest response unit rapidly to the site. Technology in a vehicle prevents skidding and helps the vehicle to stop safely; the driver may not even realize that assistance was provided, but Intelligent Traffic System is at work.
Statement of the problem
The traffic information system (TIS) is such a system that provides travellers with useful traffic information in order to assist their route decision making(SHA , 2012), integrate information and communication technology(ICT) and Internet of things (IoT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets (Bagula, Castelli and Zennaro, 2015) , however with reference to the infrastructure and ICT, the NICI plan didn’t capture any aspect of how roads will be monitored through ICT where the number of cars will keep increasing and surpass the proportion to roads. According to the results of a simulator study conducted by van Eenennaam et al (2016) the congestion assistant was found to be very effective and efficient in improving both traffic safety and efficiency as well as unpleasant driver behaviour which is a part of the cause of traffic jam. As NICI plan and other smart plans does not capture a problem of traffic jams and road congestions, this research discussed the impact of intelligent road traffic control in a technologically connected vehicle environment and the requirement.
Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time commuting to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs and accidents. Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because employees have to drive; there were few buses trams, or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place. The hope of reduced congestion in the sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams could be found everywhere.
